Last Updated February 1, 2024

 February 1, 2024

Looking for information on how liraglutide works?

Look no further as we explore the scientific mechanisms behind the benefits of liraglutide for weight loss, glycemic control, and more.

In this guide, we take a closer look at the pharmacodynamics of the peptide to better understand the molecular mechanisms that drive its effects.

When planning on conducting research with liraglutide, this guide will provide the necessary insights to successfully run research experiments.

Plus, we include details about our preferred supplier of research-grade liraglutide and a range of other high-purity peptides and research chemicals.

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Disclaimer: Peptides.org contains information about products that are intended for laboratory and research use only, unless otherwise explicitly stated. This information, including any referenced scientific or clinical research, is made available for educational purposes only. Likewise, any published information relative to the dosing and administration of reference materials is made available strictly for reference and shall not be construed to encourage the self-administration or any human use of said reference materials. Peptides.org makes every effort to ensure that any information it shares complies with national and international standards for clinical trial information and is committed to the timely disclosure of the design and results of all interventional clinical studies for innovative treatments publicly available or that may be made available. However, research is not considered conclusive. Peptides.org makes no claims that any products referenced can cure, treat or prevent any conditions, including any conditions referenced on its website or in print materials.


What is Liraglutide?

Liraglutide is a peptide medication that is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) and chronic weight management. It belongs to the class of drugs known as GLP-1 receptor agonists, which mimic the effects of the incretin hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) [1].

This hormone is naturally found in the human body and helps to regulate blood sugar levels. Liraglutide is 97% homologous to GLP-1 (7-37)—the active form of the hormone, allowing it to bind to GLP-1 receptors throughout the body [2].

The only differences between liraglutide and GLP-1 are the addition of palmitate via a spacer glutamic acid residue to the amino acid lysine at position 26 and the replacement of lysine with arginine at position 34. These modifications increase the half-life of liraglutide to up to 13 hours, allowing for once-daily administration [3].

Liraglutide was first discovered in 1990 and was approved by the FDA to treat T2D under the brand name Victoza in 2010. The drug is also available by prescription under the brand name Saxenda. Both Victoza and Saxenda are registered trademarks of Danish pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk [4, 5].

Victoza has also been approved for lowering cardiovascular risk in patients with T2D [6]. Additionally, a higher dosage of liraglutide under the brand name Saxenda has been approved for chronic weight management.

It was first approved in adults with a BMI over 30 kg/m2 or a BMI of 27 kg/m2 and at least one weight-related comorbidity, and later in obese adolescents aged 12-17 [7, 8].

Currently, liraglutide is also being studied for its potential use in other conditions, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, psoriasis, polycystic ovary syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases [9, 10, 11, 12, 13].


how does liraglutide work


Mechanism of Action | How Liraglutide Works

Liraglutide exerts its benefits by activating the GLP-1 receptors, which are widely distributed throughout different organs in the human body, including the pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and white adipose tissue [14].

By activating the GLP-1 receptors, liraglutide triggers complex mechanisms that improve glycemic control, body composition, among other processes.

How Liraglutide Works for T2D

LIraglutide improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes by activating the GLP-1 receptors in the pancreas, gut, and adipose tissue.

The primary mechanism is its effect on the pancreas, as liraglutide activates the insulin-producing beta cells and suppresses the glucagon-producing alpha cells [15].

This mechanism allows the body to produce more insulin and less glucagon, which results in the lowering of blood sugar. The increase in insulin also suppresses gluconeogenesis in the liver.

Studies report that liraglutide improves fasting blood sugar as well as long-term glycemic control when assessed via HbA1C [16].

It's important to note that the effect of GLP-1 on the pancreas is glucose-dependent; thus, liraglutide does not increase insulin secretion if blood sugar levels are already normal. This helps reduce the risk of hypoglycemia in T2D patients.

Liraglutide may also help reduce the peak in blood sugar levels that may occur during the first couple of hours after a meal. It has been shown to temporarily slow down postprandial gastric emptying by up to 23% [17].

This effect occurs due to the activation of GLP-1 receptors in the gut. As a result, liraglutide may help to prevent excessive spikes and rapid changes in blood sugar that otherwise complicate glycemic control in T2D.

Some researchers also suggest that liraglutide may increase the capacity of fat cells for storing lipids by activating the GLP-1 receptors in adipose tissue. This could potentially decrease ectopic lipid accumulation and serum triglyceride levels, which may result in improved insulin sensitivity and glycemic control in T2D [18].

How Liraglutide Works for Weight Loss

Liraglutide works for weight management via the GLP-1 receptors found in the brain, the gut, and in adipose tissue.

Research by Ard et al. (2021) revealed that a key mechanism by which liraglutide contributes to weight loss is appetite suppression, via its binding to GLP-1 receptors in the hypothalamus, particularly in regions that control appetite [19].

This action activates the so-called POMC/CART (proopiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript) neurons. Some of the major functions of these neurons are increased feelings of satiety and decreased hunger [20].

Liraglutide also indirectly suppresses the release of appetite-stimulating peptides such as NPY (neuropeptide Y) and AgRP (agouti-related peptide). This further enhances the hunger-suppressing effects of liraglutide.

Ard et al. also reported that liraglutide therapy is associated with higher levels of another satiety-promoting hormone called peptide YY (PYY), which signals fullness to the brain and reduces appetite [19].

This effect is likely due to liraglutide’s activation of GLP-1 receptors in the gastrointestinal system, as PYY is primarily produced in the gut.

As previously noted, the activation of GLP-1 receptors in the gut also slows gastric emptying within the first few hours after a meal. This may also contribute to the occurrence of early satiety while eating and reduced energy intake [17].

By activating GLP-1 receptors in adipose tissue, liraglutide may also help maintain adequate leptin production by fat cells during weight loss.

Additionally, liraglutide has been found to partially prevent the reduction of the satiety hormone leptin during weight loss, possibly by interacting with GLP-1 receptors in adipose tissue. Leptin is produced by adipose tissue and decreases during fat loss. This makes liraglutide particularly attractive as a long-term weight loss intervention [21].

How Liraglutide May Work to Reduce Inflammation

Studies suggest that liraglutide may have anti-inflammatory effects, which mediate some of the observed benefits in patients with obesity, psoriasis, neurodegenerative diseases, and others.

One clinical study involving 15 obese patients with T2D reported that liraglutide can inhibit the proinflammatory NF-kB pathway by increasing SIRT1 expression.

The researchers found that the mRNA expression of several proinflammatory factors and genes, including cytokines (TNF-α), extra- and intracellular receptors (TLR2, TLR4), and inflammation markers such as ceruloplasmin and SIRT1 expression, decreased after six weeks of treatment. The anti-inflammatory effects of liraglutide persisted even after the medication was stopped for another six weeks [22].

Research in T2D patients with psoriasis also reported significant inhibition of the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-23, IL-17, and TNF-α, which was associated with a significant improvement in skin lesions [23].

Liraglutide may also help reduce inflammation in the central nervous system, with research suggesting that it has potential in conditions like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and multiple sclerosis management.

For example, animal studies suggest that liraglutide may reduce neuroinflammation in Parkinson's disease (PD) by suppressing the AMPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Research in murine models of multiple sclerosis has also revealed that the peptide can reduce inflammation and slow down the demyelination of brain cells [12, 24].


Benefits of Liraglutide

In this section, we break down the research on key liraglutide benefits like blood sugar management, weight control, and neuroprotection.

Liraglutide For Type 2 Diabetes

As mentioned, liraglutide is an FDA-approved therapy for individuals with T2D. A 2014 meta-analysis covering 11 studies reported that liraglutide significantly lowers glycated hemoglobin, fasting plasma glucose, and blood pressure compared to placebo [25].

Moreover, liraglutide has been linked to a reduced risk of T2D complications such as heart disease and stroke. In the LEADER trial, researchers demonstrated that liraglutide reduces the risk of cardiovascular events and death by 13% and all-cause mortality by 15% compared to placebo. The greatest reduction was in the risk of myocardial infarction, which liraglutide lowered by 40% [26].

Liraglutide For Weight Loss

The ability of liraglutide to suppress appetite and promote weight loss has led to its approval by the FDA for chronic weight management in both adolescents and adults [7, 8].

Recent literature reviews have also confirmed the weight loss effects of liraglutide, including a 2022 systematic review covering 14 randomized controlled trials. In that review, the researchers found that 3mg/daily liraglutide, administered over 20-56 weeks, resulted in about a 5kg (~11lb) greater weight loss and a 1.86 kg/m2 greater BMI reduction compared to placebo [27].

Researchers should also note a 2017 critical review reporting that 3mg/daily liraglutide for 20 weeks resulted in an average weight loss of 3.7-8.0 kg (~8-17.5 lbs) in individuals with a BMI greater than 30. Further, 73% of the participants lost at least 5% of their body weight, with 37% losing at least 10% of their body weight [28].

The Potential of Liraglutide for Neuroprotection

A notable example of research investigating the neuroprotective potential of liraglutide is the ELAD trial, which stands for “Evaluating Liraglutide in Alzheimer's Disease.”

In this 12-month randomized controlled trial (RCT), participants were treated with liraglutide, and the results showed improved cognitive function and MRI volume in both the temporal lobe and the whole cortex, indicating a potential benefit in the treatment of Alzheimer's [29].

Additionally, animal experiments suggest that liraglutide may have a neuroprotective effect in murine models of Parkinson's disease (PD) by activating PGC-1α to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, autophagy, and apoptosis in the substantia nigra—the area of the brain that is affected by PD [30].

Although these results are promising, further research is needed to evaluate the potential benefits of liraglutide in neurodegenerative disease settings.


Liraglutide Dosage and Administration

Liraglutide for research purposes is available as lyophilized powder, which requires reconstitution with bacteriostatic water before administration.

The recommended liraglutide dosage in laboratory settings varies depending on the research objectives and a range of other factors. Therefore, it is essential to look to published data as a reference for creating accurate dosing protocols.

Clinical trials provide the most valuable scientific data on liraglutide dosing. According to the research, the daily liraglutide dosage for T2D ranges from 0.6mg to 1.8mg, while the dosage for weight management is up to 3mg/day [31, 32].

Based on this data, here is a reference liraglutide dosing protocol for weight loss [28, 33]:

  • Liraglutide Dose: Starting dose of 0.6mg/day at week one to minimize the risk of side effects. Increase dose to 1.2mg/daily at week two, 1.8mg/daily at week three, 2.4mg/daily at week four, and 3.0mg/daily at weeks five and beyond.
  • Frequency: Once daily at a regular schedule.
  • Study Duration: From 20 to 68 weeks at 3mg/daily.
  • Notes: Subcutaneous injections only. Do not exceed daily liraglutide dose of 3mg.

how does liraglutide work


Liraglutide Side Effects

Some of the most frequent side effects of liraglutide include gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea and constipation. These side effects are typically mild and tend to subside over the course of therapy [34].

Liraglutide may also cause a slight increase in heart rate, a higher incidence of headaches, and local reactions at the injection site.

More severe side effects of liraglutide are rare, but they can include pancreatitis and gallbladder disease. These side effects can manifest with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. Liraglutide may also cause allergic reactions, which can range from mild to severe [35].

Animal studies have suggested an increased risk of thyroid cancer and other malignancies, but more research is needed to confirm or rule out these effects in humans [36].

Liraglutide may not be suitable for pregnant or breastfeeding research subjects, those with a history of pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, or thyroid tumors, and those with a family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma.


Where to Buy Liraglutide Online? | 2024 Edition

Researchers and laboratory professionals wishing to purchase liraglutide online are advised to buy liraglutide strictly from a reputable vendor that explicitly markets their products for research purposes only.

Buying from unverified vendors may pose risks in terms of product quality. Moreover, researchers need also to comply with all applicable laws and regulations on the purchase, administration, and disposal of liraglutide and other research materials.

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Bacteriostatic Water and Liraglutide

When conducting research on liraglutide, it is essential to have the right supplies to ensure proper handling and storage. One of the most important items needed is bacteriostatic water, which is essential for reconstituting the peptide and ensuring its stability.

In addition to bacteriostatic water, researchers will require a wide range of other essential supplies, including sterile vials, needles, syringes, and alcohol wipes.

While it can be a hinderance to research, having a properly stocked lab is essential to the study.


How Does Liraglutide Work? | Overall

Liraglutide is a peptide medication approved for treating T2D and chronic weight management. It belongs to the GLP-1 receptor agonist class of drugs and thus mimics the effects of the incretin hormone GLP-1.

By activating GLP-1 receptors in different organs, liraglutide triggers complex mechanisms that improve glycemic control and body composition in research subjects.

Liraglutide improves glycemic control in T2D by increasing insulin, reducing glucagon, delaying gastric emptying, and suppressing gluconeogenesis.

It also works for weight management by regulating the appetite centers in the brain, stimulating endogenous peptides that promote satiety, and suppressing those that promote hunger.

To buy liraglutide online for research, we recommend the vendor with the purest peptides and most secure buying experience on the market.


References

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  2. Bode B. (2011). Liraglutide: a review of the first once-daily GLP-1 receptor agonist. The American journal of managed care, 17(2 Suppl), S59–S70.
  3. Knudsen L. B. (2019). Inventing Liraglutide, a Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue, for the Treatment of Diabetes and Obesity. ACS pharmacology & translational science, 2(6), 468–484. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsptsci.9b00048
  4. Knudsen, L. B., & Lau, J. (2019). The Discovery and Development of Liraglutide and Semaglutide. Frontiers in endocrinology, 10, 155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2019.00155
  5. Iepsen EW, Torekov SS, Holst JJ. Liraglutide for Type 2 diabetes and obesity: a 2015 update. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2015;13(7):753-67. doi: 10.1586/14779072.2015.1054810. PMID: 26106933.
  6. Honigberg, M. C., Chang, L. S., McGuire, D. K., Plutzky, J., Aroda, V. R., & Vaduganathan, M. (2020). Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review. JAMA cardiology, 5(10), 1182–1190. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamacardio.2020.1966
  7. Albaker, W., Al Sheikh, M., Albakr, A., Alkhafaji, D., Al Besher, E., & Al-Hariri, M. (2021). The Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg for Weight Management in Obese Non-Diabetic Saudi Outpatients. International journal of general medicine, 14, 8643–8650. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJGM.S336904
  8. Diene, G., Angulo, M., Hale, P. M., Jepsen, C. H., Hofman, P. L., Hokken-Koelega, A., Ramesh, C., Turan, S., & Tauber, M. (2022). Liraglutide for Weight Management in Children and Adolescents With Prader-Willi Syndrome and Obesity. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 108(1), 4–12. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac549
  9. Vargas-Soria, M., Carranza-Naval, M. J., Del Marco, A., & Garcia-Alloza, M. (2021). Role of liraglutide in Alzheimer's disease pathology. Alzheimer's research & therapy, 13(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13195-021-00853-0
  10. Rasmussen, C. B., & Lindenberg, S. (2014). The effect of liraglutide on weight loss in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: an observational study. Frontiers in endocrinology, 5, 140. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2014.00140
  11. Guss, D. A., & Mohanty, S. R. (2016). Liraglutide's use in treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver: an evaluation of the nonalcoholic steatohepatitis study. Hepatobiliary surgery and nutrition, 5(6), 515–518. https://doi.org/10.21037/hbsn.2016.11.09
  12. Cao, B., Zhang, Y., Chen, J., Wu, P., Dong, Y., & Wang, Y. (2022). Neuroprotective effects of liraglutide against inflammation through the AMPK/NF-κB pathway in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Metabolic brain disease, 37(2), 451–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11011-021-00879-1
  13. Chang, G., Chen, B., & Zhang, L. (2022). Efficacy of GLP-1rA, liraglutide, in plaque psoriasis treatment with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort and before-after studies. The Journal of dermatological treatment, 33(3), 1299–1305. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2021.1882658
  14. Davis, E. M., & Sandoval, D. A. (2020). Glucagon-Like Peptide-1: Actions and Influence on Pancreatic Hormone Function. Comprehensive Physiology, 10(2), 577–595. https://doi.org/10.1002/cphy.c190025
  15. Xu, X., Chen, J., Hu, L., Liang, M., Wang, X., Feng, S., Shen, J., & Luan, X. (2018). Liraglutide regulates the viability of pancreatic α-cells and pancreatic β-cells through cAMP-PKA signal pathway. Life sciences, 195, 87–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2017.12.012
  16. Neumiller, J. J., & Campbell, R. K. (2009). Liraglutide: a once-daily incretin mimetic for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The Annals of pharmacotherapy, 43(9), 1433–1444. https://doi.org/10.1345/aph.1M134
  17. van Can, J., Sloth, B., Jensen, C. B., Flint, A., Blaak, E. E., & Saris, W. H. (2014). Effects of the once-daily GLP-1 analog liraglutide on gastric emptying, glycemic parameters, appetite and energy metabolism in obese, non-diabetic adults. International journal of obesity (2005), 38(6), 784–793. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2013.162
  18. Ejarque, M., Guerrero-Pérez, F., de la Morena, N., Casajoana, A., Virgili, N., López-Urdiales, R., Maymó-Masip, E., Pujol Gebelli, J., Garcia Ruiz de Gordejuela, A., Perez-Maraver, M., Pellitero, S., Fernández-Veledo, S., Vendrell, J., & Vilarrasa, N. (2019). Role of adipose tissue GLP-1R expression in metabolic improvement after bariatric surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes. Scientific reports, 9(1), 6274. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42770-1
  19. Ard, J., Fitch, A., Fruh, S., & Herman, L. (2021). Weight Loss and Maintenance Related to the Mechanism of Action of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists. Advances in therapy, 38(6), 2821–2839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-021-01710-0
  20. Secher, A., Jelsing, J., Baquero, A. F., Hecksher-Sørensen, J., Cowley, M. A., Dalbøge, L. S., Hansen, G., Grove, K. L., Pyke, C., Raun, K., Schäffer, L., Tang-Christensen, M., Verma, S., Witgen, B. M., Vrang, N., & Bjerre Knudsen, L. (2014). The arcuate nucleus mediates GLP-1 receptor agonist liraglutide-dependent weight loss. The Journal of clinical investigation, 124(10), 4473–4488. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI75276
  21. Iepsen, E. W., Lundgren, J., Dirksen, C., Jensen, J. E., Pedersen, O., Hansen, T., Madsbad, S., Holst, J. J., & Torekov, S. S. (2015). Treatment with a GLP-1 receptor agonist diminishes the decrease in free plasma leptin during maintenance of weight loss. International journal of obesity (2005), 39(5), 834–841. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2014.177
  22. Savchenko, L. G., Digtiar, N. I., Selikhova, L. G., Kaidasheva, E. I., Shlykova, O. A., Vesnina, L. E., & Kaidashev, I. P. (2019). Liraglutide exerts an anti-inflammatory action in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Romanian journal of internal medicine = Revue roumaine de medecine interne, 57(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.2478/rjim-2019-0003
  23. Lin, L., Xu, X., Yu, Y., Ye, H., He, X., Chen, S., Chen, X., Shao, Z., & Chen, P. (2022). Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide therapy for psoriasis patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized-controlled trial. The Journal of dermatological treatment, 33(3), 1428–1434. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546634.2020.1826392
  24. Song, S., Guo, R., Mehmood, A., Zhang, L., Yin, B., Yuan, C., Zhang, H., Guo, L., & Li, B. (2022). Liraglutide attenuate central nervous inflammation and demyelination through AMPK and pyroptosis-related NLRP3 pathway. CNS neuroscience & therapeutics, 28(3), 422–434. https://doi.org/10.1111/cns.13791
  25. Du, Q., Wang, Y. J., Yang, S., Zhao, Y. Y., & Han, P. (2014). Liraglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Advances in therapy, 31(11), 1182–1195. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-014-0164-2
  26. Kalra S. (2016). Follow the LEADER-Liraglutide Effect and Action in Diabetes: Evaluation of Cardiovascular Outcome Results Trial. Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders, 7(4), 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-016-0197-4
  27. Konwar, M., Bose, D., Jaiswal, S. K., Maurya, M. K., & Ravi, R. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Liraglutide 3.0 mg in Patients with Overweight and Obese with or without Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International journal of clinical practice, 2022, 1201977. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1201977
  28. Mehta, A., Marso, S. P., & Neeland, I. J. (2017). Liraglutide for weight management: a critical review of the evidence. Obesity science & practice, 3(1), 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1002/osp4.84
  29. Edison, P., Femminella, G. D., Ritchie, C. W., Holmes, C., Walker, Z., Ridha, B. H., … & Ballard, C. (2021). Evaluation of liraglutide in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia, 17, e057848.
  30. Wu, P., Dong, Y., Chen, J., Guan, T., Cao, B., Zhang, Y., Qi, Y., Guan, Z., & Wang, Y. (2022). Liraglutide Regulates Mitochondrial Quality Control System Through PGC-1α in a Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Neurotoxicity research, 40(1), 286–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12640-021-00460-9
  31. Ostawal, A., Mocevic, E., Kragh, N., & Xu, W. (2016). Clinical Effectiveness of Liraglutide in Type 2 Diabetes Treatment in the Real-World Setting: A Systematic Literature Review. Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders, 7(3), 411–438. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-016-0180-0
  32. Tilinca, M. C., Tiuca, R. A., Burlacu, A., & Varga, A. (2021). A 2021 Update on the Use of Liraglutide in the Modern Treatment of ‘Diabesity': A Narrative Review. Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania), 57(7), 669. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57070669
  33. Trenson, L., Trenson, S., van Nes, F., Moyson, C., Lannoo, M., Deleus, E., Meulemans, A., Matthys, C., Mertens, A., Van der Schueren, B., & Vangoitsenhoven, R. (2022). Liraglutide for Weight Management in the Real World: Significant Weight Loss Even if the Maximal Daily Dose Is Not Achieved. Obesity facts, 15(1), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.1159/000520217
  34. Seo Y. G. (2021). Side Effects Associated with Liraglutide Treatment for Obesity as Well as Diabetes. Journal of obesity & metabolic syndrome, 30(1), 12–19. https://doi.org/10.7570/jomes20059
  35. Jensen, T. M., Saha, K., & Steinberg, W. M. (2015). Is there a link between liraglutide and pancreatitis? A post hoc review of pooled and patient-level data from completed liraglutide type 2 diabetes clinical trials. Diabetes care, 38(6), 1058–1066. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc13-1210
  36. Funch, D., Mortimer, K., Ziyadeh, N. J., D Seeger, J., Zhou, L., Ng, E., Ross, D., Major-Pedersen, A., Bosch-Traberg, H., Gydesen, H., & Dore, D. D. (2021). Risk of Thyroid Cancer Associated with Use of Liraglutide and Other Antidiabetic Drugs in a US Commercially Insured Population. Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy, 14, 2619–2629. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S305496

Scientifically Fact Checked by:

Luis Daniel López Murillo, PhD

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