Last Updated January 28, 2024

 January 28, 2024

Wondering about the differences between BPC-157 capsules vs. injections?

If so, this expert review has things covered.

Below, our team of experts will detail the best BPC-157 administration methods, as well as the emerging benefits and safety concerns of this popular research peptide.

We will cover:

  • What is BPC-157?
  • BPC-157 capsules
  • Oral BPC-157 vs injections
  • Are BPC-157 injections better?
  • BPC-157 benefits
  • BPC-157 safety

Read on to become well-versed regarding BPC-157, including its chemical features, research applications, and best routes of administration according to the latest peer-reviewed studies.

Buy BPC-157 Capsules from our top-rated vendor...

Disclaimer: Peptides.org contains information about products that are intended for laboratory and research use only, unless otherwise explicitly stated. This information, including any referenced scientific or clinical research, is made available for educational purposes only. Likewise, any published information relative to the dosing and administration of reference materials is made available strictly for reference and shall not be construed to encourage the self-administration or any human use of said reference materials. Peptides.org makes every effort to ensure that any information it shares complies with national and international standards for clinical trial information and is committed to the timely disclosure of the design and results of all interventional clinical studies for innovative treatments publicly available or that may be made available. However, research is not considered conclusive. Peptides.org makes no claims that any products referenced can cure, treat or prevent any conditions, including any conditions referenced on its website or in print materials.


What is BPC-157?

BPC-157 (Body Protection Compound-157), also called bepecin, is a synthetic gastro peptide that is currently under close review for its evidenced therapeutic benefits.

A pentadecapeptide, BPC-157 is derived from Body Protection Compound (BPC), an endogenous gastric protein that is produced in the human digestive tract. BPC maintains healthy digestive function and GI lining and has further been proven to enhance cellular repair, angiogenesis, tissue growth, and inflammatory response [1, 2, 3].

Therapeutic Potential

BPC-157 is modified for greater stability than its parent compound and is shown to have systemic effects without the need for a carrier agent. As a gastric protein, BPC primarily acts to protect and heal the lining of the gastrointestinal tract. However, its synthetic derivative has been shown in clinical studies to be of benefit to other organ systems in small doses. This is due primarily to its twofold increase in fibroblast proliferation and vascular tissue growth.

Known benefits of BPC-157 include faster healing in multiple types of tissue, such as hepatic, vascular, and nervous, suggesting its potential to treat neurological and cardiovascular diseases. It is further evidenced to boost growth and healing in muscle, tendon, and bone tissue. Due to its potent antioxidant activity, it combats oxidative stress in both the gastrointestinal tract and throughout the body, indicating further promise as a treatment for inflammatory diseases [2, 3, 4, 5, 6].

Research and Development

BPC-157 was originally developed over 20 years ago as an anti-ulcer agent due to its marked cytoprotective benefits. However, it has not received approval as a medical product from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and studies on its use in humans are lacking. Nonetheless, extant clinical trials and vast research in animal models indicate a positive safety profile [17].

It is among several popular research peptides that are known for their regenerative effects. TB-500 is another synthetic peptide known to impart angiogenic and reparative benefits, although via distinct mechanisms [8].

While BPC-157 can be injected or orally consumed, the latter route may be associated with more targeted effects on the GI tract. However, because the oral bioavailability of standard BPC-157 is limited, it is often delivered via subcutaneous injection. In response, scientists have recently synthesized a novel form of BPC-157 with greater stability to maintain potency and therapeutic potential with oral consumption, as detailed below [9].


BPC-157 Capsules | What Researchers Must Know

Research into the healing effects of BPC-157 indicates that oral administration may have therapeutic advantages in certain contexts, such as the treatment of ischemic colitis and the fortification of the gut-brain axis. With increased stability, oral preparations also have extended durations of action, further increasing their therapeutic potential [9, 10, 11, 12].

The most exciting advances in this regard include the following capsular formulas from the leading peptide source, Limitless Life, featuring stable, orally active BPC-157 in standalone capsules — as well as combined with other compounds for a synergistic effect.

For more information on the standalone BPC-157 capsules, qualified researchers can click here.

For an in-depth breakdown on the unique capsular formulations featuring BPC-157 and other research peptides, keep reading below:


BPC-157 Arginate, Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment

Repair and Recovery Formula

This novel capsule formula features BPC-157 in arginate form, which is more stable than the standard acetate salt form of BPC-157. This stabilized form resists gastric acids to enable oral bioavailability while maintaining the therapeutic function of the original peptide [9].

The innovative blend also includes a fragment of the healing and anti-inflammatory peptide thymosin beta-4 (TB4), otherwise known as TB-500. A synthetic analog of the endogenous 43 amino-acid peptide of the same name, TB4 stimulates tissue growth and repair while improving immune and inflammatory responses.

The fragmentary form included in this formula presents greater bioavailability, more easily absorbed into the GI tract due to its smaller size [13, 14, 15].

Benefits

Influencing healing through distinct biological mechanisms, BPC-157 and TB4 may combine for synergistic regenerative effects. For example, while TB4 has been shown to stimulate fibroblast migration, BPC-157 evidently improves fibroblast function. Both are shown to broadly promote angiogenesis, combat oxidative stress, and stimulate cell migration [3, 9, 13].

Surprisingly, little research has been done on the combined application of these two healing compounds. However, in light of their respective benefits, clinicians posit that the complementary blend could have a particular impact in improving injury repair as well as the treatment of cardiovascular, neurological, and inflammatory diseases.


BPC-157 Arginate, KPV

Gut Inflammation Formula

This formula features a blend of three powerful anti-inflammatory compounds in addition to the orally bioavailable peptide BPC-157 arginate for targeted treatment of the GI tract. Each of these ingredients is naturally occurring and evidenced to reduce GI inflammation via distinct pathways.

KPV is a synthetic analog of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. It has been shown along with the triglyceride tributyrin to regulate cytokine levels, eliciting strong anti-inflammatory effects. Both are shown in animal models to be particularly adept at suppressing TNF-alpha, a cytokine that is heavily linked with inflammatory bowel disease [16, 17, 18].

Meanwhile, BPC-157 protects the GI lining while PEA, an organic fatty acid, is shown in animal studies to attenuate inflammation globally via multiple mechanisms. These include modulations in gene expression, stimulation of the endocannabinoid system, and action on the central nervous system. PEA is known for its anti-nociceptive (pain-relieving) effects [2, 19, 20, 21].

Benefits

Clinicians are confident in the healing effects of this blend on the GI tract. Each component is uniquely beneficial, and their pathways are potentially synergistic. The combination may reduce gut inflammation on multiple levels, including systemically, via cytokine signaling, and through modulation of the intestinal immune response. When combined with the gut-fortifying properties of BPC-157, this shows promise as a formidable treatment for diseases of the GI tract, including perianal fistulas. It may also boost wound healing throughout the body.


BPC-157 Capsules vs Injections


Oral BPC-157 vs. Injections

Although studies investigating BPC 157 have demonstrated therapeutic potential, most of these analyses have been performed in animal models. As such, substantial data on BPC-157 use in humans is currently lacking. However, a review of the available research offers insights into the preferred routes of BPC-157 administration.

Clinical Studies

The main methods of administration seen in animal studies are topical creams, injections, and oral consumption, as follows:

  • In a 2001 study by Mikus et al. into the effect of BPC 157 on burn-wound healing and burn-gastric lesions in mice, researchers administered BPC-157 10μg or 10 ng/kg via injections or topically, at the burn, as a thin layer of cream (50μg of BPC 157 dissolved in 2ml of distilled water). They concluded that topical treatment at the defect site appeared to stimulate burn healing more effectively than injection [22].
  • A 2003 study by Staresinic et al. found that BPC-157 accelerated the healing of transected rat Achilles tendons when applied topically (dissolved in saline) at a dose of 10 pg.,10 ng, or 10 pg [23].
  • A 2009 rat study by Sever et al. administered BPC 157 (10mcg/kg or 10 ng/kg) orally, in drinking water (12 ml/rat/day) or intraperitoneally (once daily, first application 30 min following surgery to test its effects on short bowel syndrome in rats, observing the effectiveness of both forms of administration [24].
  • A 2019 study by Perovic et al. found that BPC 157 can improve the healing course of spinal cord injury and lead to functional recovery in rats. Researchers administered a one-time intraperitoneal injection (BPC 157 (200 or 2 μg/kg) or 0.9% NaCl (5 ml/kg) 10 minutes after injury and concluded that all of the injured rats that received BPC-157 exhibited consistent clinical improvement [25].

Therapeutic Context

These findings indicate that the effects of BPC-157 may in some cases be dependent on the BPC-157 dose and administration method, determined according to the therapeutic context.

For example, one animal study led researchers to conclude that the gastroprotective benefits of BPC-157 are dependent on the route of administration. Due to its stability, BPC-157 is shown to benefit the entire GI tract with oral administration. Significantly, phase I clinical trials on BPC-157 as a treatment for ulcerative colitis involved strictly oral administration [26, 27, 28].

However, another study on the effects of BPC-157 in treating urinary incontinence in mice indicated equal measures of effectiveness in both oral and intraperitoneal administration. Alternatively, in contexts such as the treatment of brain injuries and hypertension, injection has been the preferred method [29].

Thus, researchers are advised to familiarize themselves with the preferred administration methods in each therapeutic context.

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Are BPC-157 Injections Better?

Traditionally, injection has been considered the most efficient route of administering peptide drugs.

BPC-157 has been shown in animal studies to adhere to the metabolic process of standard peptide-based drugs, suggesting that injections are the most bioavailable route of BPC-157 administration [30, 31].

However, things may be changing in the research world.

Breakthrough Oral BPC-157 Formulas

Clinicians have noted that the development of peptide therapeutics that are stable enough to withstand gastric juices could alter this dynamic. Researchers in 2008 proposed that the development of peptides with oral bioavailability of 30-50% would suffice to offset injection as the preferred ROA [31].

The breakthrough synthesis of BPC-157 arginate increased the 3% oral bioavailability of standard BPC-157 to greater than 90% in the arginate form.

Although substantial studies on the clinical impact of the novel form are pending, this suggests that injection may not be the most efficient method when it comes to BPC-157 administration. As noted above, this may be particularly true of the peptide’s gastroprotective effects [9, 31].


bpc-157 capsules


Where to Buy BPC-157 Capsules Online? | 2024 Edition

The team of experts at Peptides.org has scanned the market to offer our highest recommendation for BPC-157 capsules.

When it comes to peptide quality and vendor legitimacy, the top slot goes to these innovative formulas from the go-to supplier of the global scientific community:

Limitless Life

Here are a few of the reasons why Limitless Life is the best BPC-157 capsule supplier on the web:

  • USA-Made Peptides: All products by Limitless Life are made in partnership with industry-leading manufacturers in the USA according to strict quality control guidelines. Domestic production allows Limitless Life to maintain low prices on top-quality peptides.
  • Verified Quality: Limitless Life guarantees high purity levels on all peptides, verified with Certificates of Analysis (COAs) from third-party labs. This gives researchers complete insight into the quality of the peptides they are buying.
  • Convenient Payment Methods: Researchers can pay with a variety of convenient payment methods including CashApp, Zelle, credit card, and cryptocurrencies.
  • Fast, Reliable Worldwide Shipping: Shipping within the US takes just 2-3 days and fees are waived on all orders above $350. They also offer shipping insurance.

Buy BPC-157 Capsules from our top-rated vendor...


BPC-157 Benefits and Research Applications

BPC-157 has evidenced many exciting therapeutic effects in clinical studies. The most notable BPC-157 benefits are as follows:

Gut Health

Like its natural counterpart, BPC-157 is a powerful cytoprotective agent, stabilizing the GI lining and assisting in the prevention and repair of intestinal lesions. It is shown to effectively treat inflammatory bowel disease symptoms. Further, animal studies indicate that it may strengthen the gut-brain axis, improving feedback between the GI tract and the central nervous system to elicit systemic effects [2, 4, 11].

Injury Healing

In animal models, BPC-157 has been shown to improve healing and tissue regeneration in GI tissues, as well as muscles, ligaments, skin, bone, and tendons. This is primarily affected by its stimulation of fibroblast proliferation [3, 11]

Vascular Growth

BPC-157 is proven in rat models to promote angiogenesis through the upregulation of endothelial growth factor. This not only enhances injury recovery but may improve cardiovascular health through circulatory increase and blood pressure stabilization [11, 32, 33].

Brain and Cognitive Health

BPC-157 is evidenced to have neuroprotective properties, attenuating damage due to strokes and central nervous system injuries while balancing neurotransmitters to combat symptoms of depression, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia [2, 11, 34].

Reduces Drug Toxicity

Similarly, BPC-157 is shown to attenuate the toxicity and adverse effects of various drugs. Among these are alcohol, insulin, neuroleptics, and NSAIDs. Its protection extends from the nervous system to the liver, cardiovascular system, and GI tract [11, 34, 35].

Anti-Inflammatory

The anti-inflammatory effects of BPC-157 are well-documented and have been observed in multiple types of tissue, such as the brain, liver, lungs, and GI tract [11, 32].

In addition to these notable benefits, emerging studies indicate BPC-157’s potential to combat signs of aging through collagen synthesis. It may also have analgesic properties [36, 37].


Is BPC-157 Safe?

While researchers have noted BPC-157's many benefits and lack of side effects, most BPC-157 studies to date have been performed on small rodent models rather than humans. Thus, there is little data from which to draw conclusions about its safety, especially regarding long-term use in humans [2].

However, extant human studies on BPC-157 as an anti-ulcer agent indicate a positive safety profile, with no toxicity reported [34].

Adverse reactions tend to be transient and mild, including [34]:

  • Injection site irritation
  • Nausea
  • Fatigue
  • Sweating
  • Light-headedness

Because side effects are linked with low-quality peptides, researchers are strongly encouraged to source BPC-157 from reputable vendors. Although formal dosage guidelines have yet to be established, clinical studies offer useful insight into the safe and effective handling of BPC-157 and other research peptides.


Oral BPC-157 Tablets | Verdict

With a range of documented benefits from GI and cognitive health to injury recovery, BPC-157 is of ongoing interest to leading clinical researchers. Until recently, injection was considered to be the most efficient form of BPC-157 administration.

However, novel advances have led to more stable and orally bioavailable preparations that may augment this peptide’s already considerable therapeutic potential, especially as it affects the GI tract.

Researchers interested in exploring the burgeoning area of oral peptide administration should look no further than the innovative BPC-157 capsule formulas available from our top-rated research peptides vendor. These premium offerings feature not only top-quality BPC-157 but synergistic blends for enhanced benefits.


References

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  2. Vukojevic J, Milavić M, Perović D, Ilić S, Čilić AZ, Đuran N, Štrbe S, Zoričić Z, Filipčić I, Brečić P, Seiverth S, Sikirić P. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system. Neural Regen Res. 2022 Mar;17(3):482-487. doi: 10.4103/1673-5374.320969. PMID: 34380875; PMCID: PMC8504390.
  3. Chang CH, Tsai WC, Hsu YH, Pang JH. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Molecules. 2014 Nov 19;19(11):19066-77. doi: 10.3390/molecules191119066. PMID: 25415472; PMCID: PMC6271067.
  4. Sikiric P, Drmic D, Sever M, Klicek R, Blagaic AB, Tvrdeic A, Kralj T, Kovac KK, Vukojevic J, Siroglavic M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Pavlov KH, Rasic D, Mirkovic I, Kokot A, Skrtic A, Seiwerth S. Fistulas Healing. Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(25):2991-3000. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200424180139. PMID: 32329684.
  5. Krivic, A., Anic, T., Seiwerth, S., Huljev, D. and Sikiric, P. (2006), Achilles Detachment in Rat and Stable Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Promoted Tendon-to-Bone Healing and Opposed Corticosteroid Aggravation. J. Orthop. Res., 24: 982-989. https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.20096
  6. Park JM, Lee HJ, Sikiric P, Hahm KB. BPC 157 Rescued NSAID-cytotoxicity Via Stabilizing Intestinal Permeability and Enhancing Cytoprotection. Curr Pharm Des. 2020;26(25):2971-2981. doi: 10.2174/1381612826666200523180301. PMID: 32445447.
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  10. Duzel A, Vlainic J, Antunovic M, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Samara M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Vidovic T, Bilic Z, Knezevic M, Sever M, Lojo N, Kokot A, Kolovrat M, Drmic D, Vukojevic J, Kralj T, Kasnik K, Siroglavic M, Seiwerth S, Sikiric P. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in the treatment of colitis and ischemia and reperfusion in rats: New insights. World J Gastroenterol. 2017 Dec 28;23(48):8465-8488. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i48.8465. PMID: 29358856; PMCID: PMC5752708.
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  13. Xing Y, Ye Y, Zuo H, Li Y. Progress on the function and application of thymosin β4 [Internet]. Frontiers. Frontiers; 2021 [cited 2022Dec21]. Available from: https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.767785
  14. Kumar N, Yin C. The anti-inflammatory peptide Ac-SDKP: Synthesis, role in ACE inhibition, and its therapeutic potential in hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res. 2018 Aug;134:268-279. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.07.006. Epub 2018 Jul 7. PMID: 29990624.
  15. Wang W, Jia W, Zhang C. The Role of Tβ4-POP-Ac-SDKP Axis in Organ Fibrosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(21):13282. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232113282
  16. Hiltz ME, Lipton JM. Antiinflammatory activity of a COOH-terminal fragment of the neuropeptide alpha-MSH. FASEB J. 1989 Sep;3(11):2282-4. PMID: 2550304.
  17. Kannengiesser K, Maaser C, Heidemann J, Luegering A, Ross M, Brzoska T, Bohm M, Luger TA, Domschke W, Kucharzik T. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008 Mar;14(3):324-31. doi: 10.1002/ibd.20334. PMID: 18092346.
  18. Vinolo MA, Rodrigues HG, Festuccia WT, Crisma AR, Alves VS, Martins AR, Amaral CL, Fiamoncini J, Hirabara SM, Sato FT, Fock RA, Malheiros G, dos Santos MF, Curi R. Tributyrin attenuates obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance in high-fat-fed mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jul 15;303(2):E272-82. doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00053.2012. Epub 2012 May 22. PMID: 22621868.
  19. Calignano A, La Rana G, Piomelli D. Antinociceptive activity of the endogenous fatty acid amide, palmitylethanolamide. Eur J Pharmacol. 2001 May 11;419(2-3):191-8. doi: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)00988-8. PMID: 11426841.
  20. Lo Verme J, Fu J, Astarita G, La Rana G, Russo R, Calignano A, Piomelli D. The nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of palmitoylethanolamide. Mol Pharmacol. 2005 Jan;67(1):15-9. doi: 10.1124/mol.104.006353. Epub 2004 Oct 1. PMID: 15465922.
  21. D'Agostino G, La Rana G, Russo R, Sasso O, Iacono A, Esposito E, Mattace Raso G, Cuzzocrea S, Loverme J, Piomelli D, Meli R, Calignano A. Central administration of palmitoylethanolamide reduces hyperalgesia in mice via inhibition of NF-kappaB nuclear signalling in dorsal root ganglia. Eur J Pharmacol. 2009 Jun 24;613(1-3):54-9. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.022. Epub 2009 Apr 20. PMID: 19386271.
  22. Mikus D, Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Petricevic A, Aralica G, et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 cream improves burn-wound healing and attenuates burn-gastric lesions in mice. Burns. 2001;27(8):817-827.
  23. Staresinic M, Sebecic B, Patrlj L, Jadrijevic S, Suknaic S, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 accelerates healing of transected rat Achilles tendon and in vitro stimulates tendocytes growth. J Orthop Res. 2003;2196):976-983.
  24. Sever M, Klicek R, Radic B, Brcic L, Zorocic I, et al. Gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and short bowel syndrome in rats. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54(1):2070-2083.
  25. Perovic D, Kolenc D, Vilic V, Somun N, Drmic D, et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 can improve the healing course of spinal cord injury and lead to functional recovery in rats. J Orthop Surg Res. 2019;14(1):199. doi:10.1186/s13018-019-1242-6.
  26. Jagic, V., Turkovic, B., Rotkvic, I. et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Interactions with Adrenergic and Dopaminergic Systems in Mucosal Protection in Stress. Dig Dis Sci 42, 661–671 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018880000644
  27. Jandric, I., Vrcic, H., Balen, M. J., Kolenc, D., Brcic, L., Radic, B., Drmic, D., Seiwerth, S., & Sikiric, P. (2013). Salutary effect of gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in two different stress urinary incontinence models in female rats. Medical Science Monitor Basic Research, 19, 93-102. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSMBR.883828
  28. PCO-02 – safety and pharmacokinetics trial – full text view [Internet]. Full Text View – ClinicalTrials.gov. [cited 2023Jan]. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02637284
  29. Vukojević, J., Milavić, M., Perović, D., Ilić, S., Čilić, A. Z., Đuran, N., Štrbe, S., Zoričić, Z., Filipčić, I., Brečić, P., Seiverth, S., & Sikirić, P. (2022). Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and the central nervous system. Neural Regeneration Research, 17(3), 482-487. https://doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.320969
  30. He L, Feng D, Guo H, Zhou Y, Li Z, Zhang K, Zhang W, Wang S, Wang Z, Hao Q, Zhang C, Gao Y, Gu J, Zhang Y, Li W, Li M. Pharmacokinetics, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of body-protective compound 157, a potential drug for treating various wounds, in rats and dogs. Front Pharmacol. 2022 Dec 14;13:1026182. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1026182. PMID: 36588717; PMCID: PMC9794587.
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  33. Knezevic M, Gojkovic S, Krezic I, Zizek H, Malekinusic D, Vrdoljak B, Vranes H, Knezevic T, Barisic I, Horvat Pavlov K, Drmic D, Staroveski M, Djuzel A, Rajkovic Z, Kolak T, Kocman I, Lovric E, Milavic M, Sikiric S, Tvrdeic A, Patrlj L, Strbe S, Kokot A, Boban Blagaic A, Skrtic A, Seiwerth S,
  34. Sikiric P. Occlusion of the Superior Mesenteric Artery in Rats Reversed by Collateral Pathways Activation: Gastric Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 Therapy Counteracts Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome; Intracranial, Portal, and Caval Hypertension; and Aortal Hypotension. Biomedicines. 2021 May 26;9(6):609. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9060609. PMID: 34073625; PMCID: PMC8229949.
  35. Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, Turkovic B, Rokotov DS, Brcic L, Sever M, Klicek R, Radic B, Drmic D, Ilic S, Kolenc D, Aralica G, Safic H, Suran J, Rak D, Dzidic S, Vrcic H, Sebecic B. Toxicity by NSAIDs. Counteraction by stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19(1):76-83. doi: 10.2174/13816128130111. PMID: 22950504.
    Sikiric, P., Seiwerth, S., Rucman, R., Kolenc, D., Vuletic, L. B., Drmic, D., Grgic, T., Strbe, S., Zukanovic, G., Crvenkovic, D., Madzarac, G., Rukavina, I., Sucic, M., Baric, M., Starcevic, N., Krstonijevic, Z., Bencic, M. L., Filipcic, I., Rokotov, D. S., . . . Vlainic, J. (2016). Brain-gut Axis and Pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and Practical Implications. Current Neuropharmacology, 14(8), 857-865. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159X13666160502153022
  36. Huang, T., Zhang, K., Sun, L., Xue, X., Zhang, C., Shu, Z., Mu, N., Gu, J., Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, W. (2015). Body protective compound-157 enhances alkali-burn wound healing in vivo and promotes proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 9, 2485-2499. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S82030
  37. SikiriĆ, P., Gyires, K., Seiwerth, S. et al. The effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on inflammatory, non-inflammatory, direct and indirect pain and capsaicin neurotoxicity. Inflammopharmacology 2, 121–127 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02659088

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